Anthropology 610                                          Geoffrey White

Fall semester 2003                                          Anthropology/East-West Center

Monday 1:30-4:00 p.m.                                 Saunders 322/Burns 3054

Burns Hall 3012 (EWC)                                 956-5601/944-7343; white@hawaii.edu

anth610-l@hawaii.edu                                    Offc Hrs: Tue/Th 1:30-3 pm or by appt.  

 

THE ANTHROPOLOGY OF TOURISM

http://blackboard.hawaii.edu/

 

As daily news in Hawai'i makes clear, global tourism is on the rise. But what is tourism in an age of globalization where "culture" itself is increasingly a traveling commodity? In what ways might the ethnographic study of tourism shed light on formations of culture and identity in a postmodern world? Specifically, what are the consequences of tourism for host communities, especially the identity struggles of (post)colonial societies? What is the experience of tourists, performers and others who daily enact rituals of encounter in today"s expanding circuits of travel? This course raises these questions by examining practices of tourism in Hawai'i, Asia, and the Pacific. It looks at tourism in terms of its immediate contexts of cultural display and performance as well as its locations in global flows of capital, people, goods, and images.

Given the central place of tourism in Hawai'i"s economy and history, the course gives particular attention to tourism in Hawai'i, using readings, guest speakers, and local resources. Students will be encouraged to develop class projects that afford the opportunity to develop research skills in the ethnographic study of tourism in context.

This course is open to graduate students in anthropology, geography, cultural studies, and related fields. It will explore interdisciplinary approaches to the social and cultural analysis of tourism practices and experience.

 

Requirements. Grading is based on class participation (20%) and written assignments, including weekly reading notes (20%), a website assessment (10%), a film essay (10%), and a final paper (appx. 15-20 pages, 40%). Participation will be assessed on the basis of engagement with readings, class facilitation, and involvement in discussion. Students will share responsibility for directing discussion of readings. In addition to the collective work of seminar sessions, each student will undertake an individual project in the form of a final paper. Projects may be based the student's own fieldwork or on original material gathered from popular media or library research.

 

Required Books

Desmond, Jane. 2000. Staging Tourism: Bodies on Display from Waikiki to Sea World

Kincaid, J. 1989. A Small Place. New York: Plume

MacCannell, D. 1999 [1976]. The Tourist: A New Theory of the Leisure Class.

Stanley, Nick. 1998. Being Ourselves for You: The Global Display of Cultures.

Urry, J. 2002 [1990]. The Tourist Gaze: Leisure and Travel in Contemporary Societies.

Historic Waikiki [4 packets]

 

Optional Books

Kirshenblatt-Gimblett, B. 1998.  Destination Culture: Tourism, Museums, and Heritage.

Lippard, Lucy. 1999. On the Beaten Track: Tourism, Art and Place

Picard, M. & R. Wood. 1997. Tourism, Ethnicity, and the State in Asian and Pacific Societies.

 

COURSE OUTLINE

 

note: When not listed in the bibliography, the reading is in one of the required texts

 

I. INTRODUCTION: TRAVELLING CULTURE

 

August 25  1. Introduction

 

films (in class): Selo! Selo!; Rap"s Hawai"i (tourist segment)

 

 

Sept 1  2. No Class Holiday (Labor Day):

 

 

Sept 8  3.Tourism, Travel, Culture Theory

 

DUE: Website assignment

 

MacCannell , Forward, Intro to 1989 Edition, ix-xxvi, Introduction, Modernity and Touristic Experiences, 1-37, Epilogue, 189-203

MacCannell, "Remarks on the Commodification of Cultures,Ó in Smith &Brent, 380-390.

Graburn, "Secular Ritual: A General Theory of Tourism,Ó in Smith & Brent, 42-50.

Urry , "The Tourist Gaze,Ó 1-15; "Globalizing the Gaze,Ó 141-161.

Lippard, "Introduction: On Rubbernecking,Ó 2-11

Pratt, "Introduction: Criticism in the Contact Zone,Ó 1-11

 

Goss, ""From Here to Eternity": Voyages of Re(dis)covery in Tourist Landscapes of Hawai'i,Ó 1-30

 

 

II. THE CULTURAL POLITICS OF TOURISM "DEVELOPMENTÓ

 

Sept 15  4. Political Economies of Tourism

Urry , "Mass TourismÉand the Seaside Resort,Ó 16-37 "The Changing EconomicsÉ,Ó 38-58, "Working Under the Tourist Gaze,Ó 59-73

McClaren, "An Overview of Tourism,Ó 1-20.

Douglas, "The Aspects and Prospects,Ó 260-267

 

Kent, Noel, "A New Kind of Sugar,Ó 169-198

Hawai'i Tourist Authority documents, TBA

 

optional: Urry , "Cultural Changes and the Restructuring of Tourism,Ó 74-93

   R E Wood, "Tourism and the State" in Picard and Wood, 1-34

   Okamura, "The Illusion of Paradise: Multiculturalism in Hawai'i,Ó 264-284

 

Guest speaker: Ms. Robbie Kane, Product Development Coordinator, Hawai'i Tourist Authority

 

 

Sept 22  5. Small Places in the Global Travelsphere

Kincaid 1989 , A Small Place, 81 pp.

Helu-Thaman, "Beyond Hula, Hotels, and Handicrafts,Ó 104-111

 

Patterson, "Tourism"s Negative Impact on Native Hawaiians,Ó 1-5

Hawai'i Ecumenical Council, 1-7

Trask, "Tourism and the Prostitution of Hawaiian Culture,Ó 21-23

 

optional: Bank of Hawaii: Palau Report

               Yamashita, 2000, "ÉJapanese Tourists in Palau,Ó 437-463.

 

guest speaker: TBA; Rev. Kaleo Patterson

 

 

Sept 29 6. Hawai'i"s Tourist Spaces

 

DUE: Final paper topic: one-page proposal

 

Lippard, "The Tourist at Home,Ó 12-23; "... Cultural Tourism,Ó 72-87

 

Yaguchi and Yoshihara, "Evolutions of 'Paradise": Japanese Tourist Discourse About Hawai'i,Ó 1-36.

Goss, "...Tourist Advertising of the Hawaiian Islands, 1972-92,Ó 663-688.

Halualani, "From Queens to Calabashes...,Ó 133-194

 

optional:  Friesen, "The Origins of Lei Day,Ó

 

film (in class): Hawai'i on Screen

 

 

III. TOURISM"S IMAGINARY: NATURE / NATIVES / WOMEN

 

Oct 6 7. . Producing Tourism"s Natives: Historic Waikiki

MacCannell, "Staged Authenticity,Ó 91-107

Jolly 1994 , "Kastom as Commodity: The Land Dive É in Vanuatu,Ó 131-146

 

Historic Waikiki: four modules

Desmond, "Introduction: Touring the Essential,Ó "Cultural Bodies,Ó "Let"s Luau,Ó "Picturing Hawai'i,Ó "Pictures Come to Life,Ó "Advertising, Racializing and Performing Hawai'iÓ Desmond , "Tourism and the Commodification of Culture, 1930-1940,Ó "Up to the Present,Ó xiii-xxv, 1-141.

 

optional: Bruner and Kirshenblatt-Gimblett 1994 , "Maasai on the Lawn,Ó 435-470

   Linnekin, "Consuming Cultures" in Picard and Wood 1997 , 215-250

 

Guest speaker: Gaye Chan, Professor of Art, UH Manoa

 

 

Oct 13  8. Engendering Tourism

 

DUE: 3-page revised project proposal & bibliography

 

Enloe, "On the Beach: Sexism and Tourism,Ó 19-41.

Lippard, "Seduction and Hyperbole,Ó 50-58

Hall, "Gender and Economic Interests in Tourism Prostitution,Ó 265-280

Hamilton, "Primal Dream: ...Thailand's Sex Trade,Ó 145-65

Manderson, "Parables of Imperialism and Fantasies of the Exotic,Ó 123-144

 

optional: Teaiwa, "Bikinis and other s/pacific n/oceans,Ó 87-109

 

film (view before class): The Good Woman of Bangkok

 

 

Oct 20  9. Eco Tourism 1: Tourism and Indigenous Peoples

Hinch and Butler, "Introduction: Indigenous Tourism,Ó 3-21

McClaren, "Rethinking Ecotravel,Ó 91-135

Vivanco, "The International Year of Ecotourism in an Age of Uncertainty,Ó 1-17; "Encountering the Otherness of Community and Nature...,Ó 1-27

 

Minerbi, "Alternative Forms of Tourism,Ó 19 pp.

Frameworks for Responsible Tourism

 

optional: Douglas, "The Indigenes,Ó 169-211

   Desmond, "The Industries of Species Tours,Ó 91-135.

               Vivanco, "Spectacular Quetzals, Ecotourism...,Ó 79-92

 

film (in class): Voices from the International Forum on Indigenous Tourism

 

 

Oct 27 10. Eco Tourism 2: Cannibal Tours

 

DUE: Film assignment

 

Lutkehaus, "ÉAn Interview with Filmmaker Dennis O"Rourke,Ó 422-437

O"Rourke, 1997, "Beyond Cannibal Tours,Ó 32-47

Gewertz and Errington , "The New Traditionalism . . . ,Ó 25-57

 

optional: Errington and Gewertz ,"Tourism and Anthropology . . . ,Ó 37-54

MacCannell 1992, "Cannibalism Today,Ó 17-73

 

film (view before class): Cannibal Tours

 

 

IV. TOURISM"S SITES

 

Nov 3 11. Cultural Tourism I: Museums, Monuments, Parks, Performance

Urry, "Seeing and Theming,Ó 124-140.

Stanley, "Preface,Ó 11-19; "Why Should We Look at Each Other,Ó 20-33

MacCannell, "The Other Attractions,Ó 77-89

Casta–eda, "Maya Mysteries...,Ó 1-33

Vivanco, "Performative Pilgrims,Ó 1-19

 

optional: Lippard, "Exhibitionism,Ó "Curioser and Curioser,Ó 88-117.

Clifford 1997 , "Museums as Contact Zones" 188-219; "Four ... Museums" 107-145, "Paradise"147-187

Kirshenblatt-Gimblett , "Introduction," 1-13," Destination Museum," 131-176; "Ellis Island,Ó 177-188, "Plimoth Plantation,Ó 189-200

 

film (view before class):  Incidents of Travel in Chichen Itza

 

 

Nov 10 12. Cultural Tourism 2: Polynesian Cultural Center

Stanley, "Ethnographic Theme Parks,Ó 36-84; "Revolt of the Represented,Ó 86-114

Ross , "Cultural Preservation in the Polynesia of the Latter Day Saints,Ó 3-16

Stanton, "The Polynesian Cultural Center,Ó in Smith 1989 , 247-262

 

optional: Pemberton, "Recollections from 'Beautiful Indonesia",Ó 241-262

 

guest speaker: TBA, BYU Laie

 

 

Nov 17 13. War Tourism 1

Lippard, "Tragic Tourism,Ó 118-134

Diller and Scofido, "Introduction: Back to the Front, Tourisms of War,Ó 17-30

Cole, "Auschwitz,Ó 97-120

Kennedy and Williams, 2001, "ÉThe Manufacture of Nostalgia in Vietnam's Tourist Industry,Ó 135-163.

Ledgerwood 1997, "ÉThe Cambodian Tuol Sleng Museum of Genocide,Ó 82-98

 

optional:

Douglas, "the Pilgrims,Ó 110-143

White, "The Culture of Preservation in the Southwest Pacific,Ó 97-120

Lisle, "Consuming Danger,Ó 96-116

 

 

Nov 24 14. War Tourism 2: Pearl Harbor

Kelly 1996 , "Enshrining History,Ó 45-57

White 1997 , "On Not Being a Theme Park,Ó 1-11

Turnbull 1996 , "Remembering Pearl Harbor,Ó 407-433

 

film (in class): Arizona Memorial orientation film

 

 

V. PROJECT PRESENTATIONS

 

Dec 1  15. Project presentations

Project presentations (presenters hand in 2-3 page outline or notes)

 

Dec 8 16. Project presentations / Conclusion

Project presentations (presenters hand in 2-3 page outline or notes)

 

Dec 10: Final Papers Due

 

Course Bibliography

 

Anonymous

2003 Republic of Palau Economic Report. Honolulu: Bank of Hawai'i. [see http://www.boh.com/econ/index.asp for online source]

 

Bruner, Edward, and Barbara Kirshenblatt-Gimblett

1994    Maasai on the Lawn: Tourist Realism in East Africa. Cultural Anthropology 9(4):435-470.

 

Casta–eda, Quetzil E.

in press Maya Mysteries, Mirror for Man: Monumentalized Public Sphere of Tourism at ChichŽn Itz‡. In Journeys into Otherness. Keith Hollinshead and Chuck de Burlo, eds. Clevedon, England: Channel View Publications.

 

Clifford, James

1997    Routes: Travel and Translation in the Late Twentieth Century World. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

 

Cole, Tim

2000    Auschwitz. In Selling the Holocaust. Pp. 97-120. New York: Routledge.

 

Desmond, Jane C.

2000. Staging Tourism: Bodies on Display from Waikiki to Sea World. Chicago: University of Chicago Press

 

Diller, E. and R. Scofidio

1994    Introduction. In Back to the Front: Tourisms of War. Diller, E. and R. Scofidio, Eds. Pp. 17-30. Princeton, Princeton Architectural Press.

 

Douglas, Ngaire

1996    They Came for Savages: A Hundred Years of Tourism in Melanesia. Lismore, Australia: Southern Cross University Press.

 

Enloe, Cynthia

1989    On the Beach: Sexism and Tourism. In Bananas, Beaches and Bases. Pp. 19-41. Berkeley: University of California Press.

 

Errington, Frederick, and Deborah Gewertz

1989    Tourism and anthropology in a post-modern world. Oceania 60: 37-54.

 

Friesen, Steven J.

1996    The Origins of Lei Day: Festivity and the Construction of Ethnicity in the Territory of Hawai'i. History and Anthropology 10(1): 1-36.

 

Gewertz, Deborah, and Fred Errington

1991    The New Traditionalism: Tourism and its transformations. In Twisted Histories, Altered Contexts: Representing the Chambri in a World System. Pp. 25-57. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

 

Goss, Jon

1993    Placing the Market and Marketing the Place: Tourist Advertising of the Hawaiian Islands, 1972-92. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 11: 663-688.

 

1998    "From Here to Eternity": Voyages of Re(dis)covery in Tourist Landscapes of Hawai'i. Unpublished paper, 30 pp.

 

Graburn, Nelson

2001    Secular Ritual: A General Theory of Tourism. In Hosts and guests revisited : tourism issues of the 21st century. Valene L. Smith and Maryann Brent, eds. Pp. 42-50. New York: Cognizant Communication Corp.

 

Halualani, Rona Tamiko

2002    In the Name of Hawaiians: Native Identities and Cultural Politics. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.

 

Hall, C. Michael

1996    Gender and Economic Interests in Tourism Prositution: The Nature, Development and Implications of Sex Tourism in South-east Asia. In Y. Apostolopoulos, S. Leivadi, and A. Yiannakis, eds. The Sociology of Tourism. Pp. 265-280. London and New York: Routledge.

 

Hamilton, Annette

1997    Primal Dream: Masculinism, Sin, and Salvation in Thailand's Sex Trade. In L. Manderson and M. Jolly, eds. Sites of Desire / Economies of Pleasure. Pp. 145-165. Chicago: University of Chicago Press

 

Hawai'i Ecumenical Coalition on Tourism

1989    Tourism in Hawai'i: Its Impact on Native Hawaiians and Its Challenge to the Churches. The 1989 Hawai'i Declaration of the Hawai'i Ecumenical Coalition on Tourism Conference, Honolulu, 1989, pp. 1-7. American Friends Service Committee.

 

Helu-Thaman, Konai

1993, Beyond Hula, Hotels, and Handicrafts: A Pacific Islander's Perspective on Tourism Development, The Contemporary Pacific 5(1): 104-111.

 

Hinch, Thomas and Richard Butler

1996    Indigenous Tourism: A Common Ground for Discussion. In Butler and Hinch,eds. Tourism and Indigenous Peoples. Pp. 3-21. London: International Thomson Business Press.

 

Historic Waikiki Project

2001    Historic Waikiki souvenir packet. Honolulu: Downwind Productions, LLC. [Nos 1-4]

 

Jolly, Margaret

1994    Kastom as Commodity: The Land Dive as Indigenous Rite and Tourist Spectacle in Vanuatu. In Culture, Kastom, Tradition: Cultural Policy in Melanesia. L. Lindstrom and G. White, eds. Pp. 131-146. Suva: Institute of Pacific Studies.

 

Kelly, Marjorie

1996    Enshrining History: The Visitor Experience at Pearl Harbor's USS Arizona Memorial. Museum Anthropology 20(3):45-57.

 

Kennedy, Laurel B. and Mary Rose Williams

2001    The Past Without the Pain: The Manufacture of Nostalgia in Vietnam's Tourist Industry. In The Country of Memory: Remaking the Past in Late Socialist Vietnam. Hue-Tam Ho Tai, ed. Pp. 135-163. Berkeley: University of California Press.

 

Kent, Noel

1975    A New Kind of Sugar. In B. Finney and K. Watson, eds. A New Kind of Sugar: Tourism in the Pacific. Pp. 169-198. Honolulu: East-West Center.

 

Kincaid, Jamaica

1989    A Small Place. New York, NY: Plume Book.

 

Kirshenblatt-Gimblett, Barbara

1998    Destination Culture: Tourism, Museums, and Heritage. Berkeley: University of California Press.

 

Ledgerwood, Judy

1997    The Cambodian Tuol Sleng Museum of Genocidal Crimes. Museum Anthropology 21(1): 82-98

 

Lippard: Lucy.

1999. On the Beaten Track: Tourism, Art and Place. New York: The New Press.

 

Lisle, Debbie

2000    Consuming Danger: Reimagining the War/Tourism Divide. Alternatives 25: 91-116.

 

Lutkehaus, Nancy

1989    "Excuse Me, Everything is Not All Right": On Ethnography, Film and Representation [An Interview with Filmmaker Dennis O'Rourke]. Cultural Anthropology 4(4): 422-437.

 

MacCannell, Dean

1989    The tourist : a new theory of the leisure class. New York: Schocken Books.

 

1992    Cannibalism Today. In Empty meeting grounds : the tourist papers. Pp. 17-73. London; New York: Routledge.

 

2001    Remarks on the Commodification of Cultures. In Hosts and guests revisited : tourism issues of the 21st century. Valene L. Smith and Maryann Brent, eds. Pp. 380-390. New York: Cognizant Communication Corp.

 

Manderson, Lenore

1997    Parables of Imperialism and Fantasies of the Exotic: Western Representations of Thailand--Place and Sex. In L. Manderson and M. Jolly, eds. Sites of Desire / Economies of Pleasure. Pp. 122-144. Chicago: University of Chicago Press

 

McClaren, Deborah

2003 [1997]    Rethinking Tourism and Ecotravel. Kumarian Press.

 

Minerbi, Luciano

1991    Alternative Forms of Tourism in the Coastal Zone: Searching for Responsible Tourism in Hawai'i. Report prepared for the National Coastal Resources Research & Development Institute. 20 pp.

 

1996    Hawai'i. In Tourism in the Pacific. Hall, M. C. and S. J. Page, Eds.Andover, Hampshire, Thomson International Business Press. pp. 190-204

 

Okamura, Jonathan

1998    The Illusion of Paradise: Privileging Multiculturalism in Hawai'i. In Making Majorities. D. Gladney, ed. Pp. 264-284. Stanford: Stanford University Press.

 

O"Rourke, Dennis

1997    Beyond Cannibal Tours: Tourists, Modernity, and "The Other." In Tourism and Cultural Development in Asia and Oceania. S. Yamahita, K. Din and J. Eades, Eds. Bangi: Penerbit Universiti Kebangasaan Malaysia. Pp. 32-47

 

Pemberton, John

1994    Recollections from "Beautiful Indonesia" (Somewhere Beyond the Postmodern). Public Culture 6: 241-262.

 

Picard, Michel, and Robert E. Wood, eds.

1997    Tourism, Ethnicity, and the State in Asian and Pacific Societies. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press.

 

Pratt, Mary Louise

1992    Introduction: Criticism in the Contact Zone. In Imperial Eyes: Travel Writing and Transculturation. Pp. 1-11. London: Routledge

 

Ross, Andrew

1993    Cultural Preservation in the Polynesia of the Latter Day Saints. In D. Bennett, ed. Cultural Studies: Pluralism and Theory. Melbourne University. Pp. 3-16.

 

Stanley, Nick

1998    Being Ourselves for You: the global display of cultures. London: Middlesex University Press.

 

Stanton, Max

1989    The Polynesian Cultural Center: A Multi-Ethnic Model of Seven Pacific Cultures. In V. Smith, ed. Hosts and Guests: The Anthropology of Tourism. Pp. 247-262. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.

 

Teaiwa, Teresia

1994    Bikinis and other s/pacific n/oceans. The Contemporary Pacific 6:87-109.

 

Trask, Haunani-Kay

1999    Tourism and the Prostitution of Hawaiian Culture. In Ecotourism, Sustainable Development, and Cultural Survival: Protecting Indigenous Culture and Land Through Ecotourism. Cultural Survival Quarterly Summer 1999 (23.2): 21-23.

 

Turnbull, Phyllis

1996    Remembering Pearl Harbor: The Semiotics of the Arizona Memorial. In Challenging Boundaries: Global Flows, Territorial Identities. H.A. Jr. and M. Shapiro, eds. Pp. 407-433. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.

 

Urry, John

2002 [1990]    The tourist gaze: leisure and travel in contemporary societies. London ; Newbury Park: Sage Publications.

 

Vivanco, Luis

2001    Spectacular Quetzals, Ecotourism, and Environmental Futures in Monte Verde, Costa Rica. Ethnology 40(2): 79-92.

 

2002    The International Year of Ecotourism in an Age of Uncertainty. Third World Network online Clearinghouse for Reviewing Ecotourism, 17 pp.

 

2003    "Encountering the Otherness of Community and Nature in a Costa Rican Cloud Forest Reserve. In K. Hollinshead and C. deBurlo, eds. Journeys into Otherness: The Representation of Difference and Identity in Tourism. Channel View Pulbications (in press). 27 pp.

 

2003    Performative Pilgrims and the Shifting Grounds of Anthropological Documentary. In S. Plate, ed. Religion and World Cinema. New York: Palgrave (in press).19 pp.

 

White, Geoffrey

1996    War Remains: The Culture of Preservation in the Southwest Pacific. Cultural Resource Management.  Special Issue 19(3):52-56.

 

1997    On Not Being a Theme Park. Paper read at meetings of the American Anthropological Association, Washington, D.C., 1997, pp. 1-11.

 

Yaguchi, Yujin and Mari Yoshihara

2003    Evolutions of "Paradise": Japanese Tourist Discourse about Hawai'i. American Studies Quarterly (in press). 36 pp.

 

Yamashita, S.,

2000    The Japanese Encounter with the South: Japanese Tourists in Palau. The Contemporary Pacific 12(2): 437-463.